Thereafter the seeds were easily propagated. Typically, there are two classifications of A. lineraris in response to fire: reseeders and resprouters. Die Malvengewächse besitzen oft Schleimzellen. The earliest record of the use of Aspalathus as a source of tea was that of Carl Peter Thunberg, who wrote about the use of A. cordata as tea: "Of the leaves of Borbonia cordata the country people make tea" (Thunberg, July 1772, at Paarl). [15][16], By the late 1920s, growing demand for the tea led to problems with supply of the wild rooibos plants. For instance, medicinal uses might have been introduced before the eighteenth century, by Khoisan pastoralists or San hunter-gatherers. Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). In K. Kubitzki (ed.). 225–311. The tea has been popular in Southern Africa for generations, and since the 2000s has gained popularity internationally. This process produces the distinctive reddish-brown colour of rooibos and enhances the flavour. [27], The South African Department of Trade and Industry issued final rules on 6 September 2013 that protects and restricts the use of the names "rooibos", "red bush", "rooibostee", "rooibos tea", "rooitee" and "rooibosch" in that country, so that the name cannot be used for things not derived from the Aspalathus linearis plant. Rooibos tea was traditionally processed by beating the material on a flat rock with a heavy wooden pole or club or a large wooden hammer. Lotynų kalba (lot. [13], The historical record of rooibos uses in precolonial and early colonial times is mostly a record of absence. [21] Like most legumes, there is a symbiotic relationship between rhizoids and the underground lignotuber structure that promote nitrogen fixation and growth. Rooibos tea production is today the economic mainstay of the Clanwilliam district. Descrizione. They often bear supernumerary bracts in the structure of a bicolor unit. Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. When the plant later entered more widespread use, Burke demanded that companies either pay fees for use of the name, or cease its use. However, this tradition has not been traced further back than the last quarter of the 19th century. Colonial-era settlers could have learnt about some properties of the Aspalathus linearis from pastoralists and hunter-gatherers of the Cederberg region. Malvaceae, pp. [citation needed] Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. [22] It is unclear how many ecotypes their might be given they limited geographic range, and the limited literature about genetic diversity. It carries a malty and slightly grassy flavour somewhat different from its red counterpart. The nitrogen content in the soil is an important environmental factor for growth, development and reproduction. And the utilisation of the Aspalathus linearis for making tea, including the production processes, such as bruising and oxidising the leaves, are more likely to have been introduced in colonial times, by settlers accustomed to drinking Asian tea or its substitutes. Several authors have assumed that the tea originated from the local inhabitants of the Cederberg. It has also been suggested that resprouting populations and reseeding populations have been selected for based on the environment as a way to reduce genetic bottlenecks, however it is unclear if this promotes certain reproductive strategies over others. Rooibos is a caffeine-free red tea, made from the leaves of a plant native to South Africa. [14], In 1904, Benjamin Ginsberg ran a variety of experiments at Rondegat Farm, finally curing rooibos. Leaves are generally alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. No Khoi or San vernacular names of the species have been recorded. A higher leaf content results in a darker liquor, richer flavour and less "dusty" aftertaste. This anecdote is sometimes erroneously associated with rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis).[13]. [citation needed]. It is often grouped with the honeybush, another fynbos plant from Southern Africa used for tea. The major hurdle in growing rooibos commercially was that farmers could not germinate the rooibos seeds. It also provides guidance and restrictions for how products which include rooibos, and in what measures, should use the name "rooibos" in their branding. It has been suggested that there are multiple ecotypes of A. linearis that have different selected methods of growth and morphology dependent on the environment. Nortier worked on cultivation of the rooibos species in partnership with farmers Oloff Bergh and William Riordan, and with encouragement from Benjamin Ginsberg. Given the available data, the origin of rooibos tea can be viewed in the context of the global expansion of tea trade and the colonial habit of drinking Chinese and later Ceylon tea. [29], The popularity of rooibos and the expansion of its cultivation is threatening other local species of plants which are endemic to the area, such as Protea convexa[30] and P. [23] Wild populations can contain both sprouting and non-sprouting individuals however cultivated rooibos are typically reseeders not resprouters and have higher growth rates. definition of - senses, usage, synonyms, thesaurus. Rooibos is usually grown in the Cederberg, a small mountainous area in the region of the Western Cape province of South Africa. The nature of that knowledge was not documented. In 1948 The University of Stellenbosch awarded Dr Nortier an Honorary Doctorate D.Sc (Agria) in recognition for his valuable contribution to South African agriculture. [14], Bergh harvested a large amount of rooibos in 1925 on his farm Kleinvlei, in the Pakhuis Mountains. Een bloem is het deel van een plant waarin de organen voor geslachtelijke voortplanting bij elkaar staan. Seed germination can be slow but sprouting can be induced with acid treatment. Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. The fruit and leaves of baobabs are edible, as is the fruit of the durian. [26], In 1994, Burke International registered the name "Rooibos" with the US Patent and Trademark Office, thus establishing a monopoly on the name in the United States at a time when it was virtually unknown there. Dr Nortier paid the local villagers £5 per matchbox of seeds collected. È una pianta erbacea, biennale nelle zone temperate, annuale in quelle tropicali. The margin may be entire, but when dentate, a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). The high-grade rooibos is exported and does not reach local markets, with major consumers being the EU, particularly Germany, where it is used in creating flavoured blends for loose-leaf tea markets. The secret lay in scarifying the seed pods. Cultivated A. linearis can be selected for to have certain traits that are desirable for human use. Online Dictionaries: Definition of Options|Tips Options|Tips Other methods include a slice of lemon and using honey instead of sugar to sweeten. Bloemen zijn kenmerkend voor planten die tot de bedektzadigen (Angiospermae) of bloemplanten behoren. Dr Nortier collected seeds in the Pakhuis Mountains (Rocklands) and in a large valley called Grootkloof and these first selected seeds are known as the Nortier-type and Redtea-type. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs, usually positioned on the sepals.[11]. [14] The traditional method of harvesting and processing rooibos (for making rooibos infusion or decoction tea) could have, at least partly, originated in precolonial times. The ovary is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma. [2], Generally, the leaves undergo an oxidation (often termed "fermentation" in common tea processing terminology). The tiny seeds were very difficult to come by. Le foglie sono completamente glabre e hanno un contorno triangolare frastagliato, possono essere bipennatosette o tripennatosette. Rooibos (/ ˈ r ɔɪ b ɒ s / ROY-boss; Afrikaans: ; Aspalathus linearis), meaning "red bush"; is a broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's fynbos.. [3], Rooibos tea is commonly prepared in the same manner as black tea,[citation needed] usually without or with a little milk, and/or sugar or honey. Reseeders are killed by fire, but the fire also stimulates the reestablishment via seeds. Aspalathus linearis has a slim endemic range in the wild, however cultivation techniques to maximize production have been effective at maintaining reproduction for consumption in correlation with the demand of the Rooibos tea industry. A. linearis can be considered facultative and obligate sprouters and have lignotuber development for after fires. Dr Nortier placed a layer of seeds between two mill stones and ground away some of the seed pod wall. [15], The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious, or terminal. Most species are herbs or shrubs, but some are trees and lianas. En botánica, el fruto es el órgano procedente de la flor, o de partes de ella, que contiene las semillas hasta que estas maduran y luego contribuye a diseminarlas. In 2005, the American Herbal Products Association and a number of import companies succeeded in defeating the trademark through petitions and lawsuits; after losing one of the cases, Burke surrendered the name to the public domain. For A.linearis, Fire can stimulate resprouting in the species, however this sprouting is less than in other fynbos plants. However, it does not necessarily follow that San and Khoikhoi utilised this method to prepare a beverage that they consumed for pleasure, as tea. As a fresh leaf, rooibos contains a high content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C),[5] which is lost when made into tea. [14], It appears that both the indigenous (San and Khoikhoi) and the colonial inhabitants of rooibos-growing areas contributed to the traditional knowledge of rooibos in some way. [13], Traditionally, the local people would climb the mountains and cut the fine, needle-like leaves from wild rooibos plants. They generally have five valvate sepals, most frequently basally connate, with five imbricate petals. [25] It is likely that wasps play an important role in pollinating the flowers and some species are thought to be specially adapted to accessing the A. linearis flower. Rooibos tea does not contain caffeine[6][7] and has low tannin levels compared to black tea or green tea. A number of species, including Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants. Seeds of wild populations are dispersed by ant species. The seeds were hard to find and impossible to germinate commercially. [11], The processed leaves and stems contain benzoic and cinnamic acids. for the plant's linear growing structure and needle-like leaves. Westra. Cotton (four species of Gossypium), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), cacao (Theobroma cacao), kola nut (Cola spp. (molókhē), Modern Greek μολόχα (molóha), modern Arabic: ملوخية‎ (mulukhiyah) and modern Hebrew: מלוחיה‎ (molokhia).[13][14]. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase", "Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences", "Tile cells and their occurrence in Malvalean fossil woods", "Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences", "A Critical Revision of Certain Taxonomic Groups of the Malvales Part Ii1", "Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data", "Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvaceae&oldid=997277443, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. These plants have simple, rigid, spine-tipped leaves, hence the common name 'stekeltee'. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Dr Nortier is today accepted as the father of the rooibos tea industry. Bees from the tribe Emphorini of the Apidae (including Ptilothrix, Diadasia, and Melitoma) are known to specialize on the plants. Rooibos (/ˈrɔɪbɒs/ ROY-boss; Afrikaans: [rɔːibɔs]; Aspalathus linearis), meaning "red bush"; is a broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's fynbos. An aged Khoi woman found an unusual seed source: having chanced upon ants dragging seed, she followed them back to their nest and, on breaking it open, found a granary.[18]. [12], Rooibos grades are largely related to the percentage "needle" or leaf to stem content in the mix. [citation needed], Three species of the Borboniae group of Aspalathus, namely A. angustifolia, A. cordata and A. crenata, were once used as tea. Apparently, rooibos tea is a traditional drink of Khoi-descended people of the Cederberg (and "poor whites"). [31], "Rooibos tea cappuccino or latte - Cape Point Press", "The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas", "Rooibos Tea, Aspalathus linearis, a Caffeineless, Low-Tannin Beverage", "South African herbal teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. 2005. ), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are important agricultural crops. A. linearis is not found to be significantly pollinated by Cape honey bee’s like many other Fynbos plants suggesting an alternative way of primary pollination. Cultivated plants are diploid with a base chromosome number of 9(2n=18 chromosomes) however there is limited understanding of how this might differ in ecotypes[21] The selection process can include human mediated pollination, fire suppression, and supplementing soil contents. Die Liste von Heilpflanzen nennt Pflanzenarten aus dem Bereich der Pflanzenheilkunde.. Liste Unoxidised "green" rooibos is also produced, but the more demanding production process for green rooibos (similar to the method by which green tea is produced) makes it more expensive than traditional rooibos. Stipules are present. Dr. Nortier's research was ultimately successful and he subsequently showed all the local farmers how to germinate their own seeds. [14] Thanks to Nortier's research, rooibos tea became an iconic national beverage and then a globalised commodity. [5] Rooibos contains polyphenols, including flavanols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones,[8][9] aspalathin[10] and nothofagin. Es gibt krautige Pflanzen: einjährige bis ausdauernde und verholzende Pflanzen: Sträucher und Bäume, sehr selten Lianen.Bei den verholzenden Arten ist die Borke faserig. In this case, the rooibos infusion or decoction served as a local replacement for the expensive Asian product. Dr Nortier cultivated the first plants at Clanwilliam on his farm Eastside and on the farm Klein Kliphuis. Rooibos was formerly classified as Psoralea but is now thought to be part of Aspalathus following Dahlgren (1980). Resprouters are not killed during a fire, but resprout via the lignotubers established in the earth. A. linearis is a legume and therefore an angiosperm that produces an indehiscent fruit. Hibiscus is een geslacht van circa 200 tot 220 soorten bloemplanten uit de familie Malvaceae, dat van nature voorkomt in mediterrane, subtropische en tropische gebieden over de hele wereld.