But begin with an empty plot of land and the possibilities for personal creativity are greatly enhanced. People from all over the globe need to take seriously the likelihood that due to our various political and ideological ideas we too may be headed for disaster. join the Challenger Center network for STEM Education through the Lens of Space Exploration. There will always be some constraints, of course, given the terrain and location of the land, but certainly they are minimized by not having to deal with a previously established floor plan. Keywords and search strings might include: Mae Jemison AND exploration; space exploration AND women AND art; pioneers AND achievement AND legacy On Oct. 1, 1958, the United States consolidated its space exploration operations under a new agency, NASA, which replaced the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), founded in … She carefully tiptoed around the fact that it was the side of “real existing socialism” that sent the dog to its doom. Nearly a thousand of these huge statues, probably made for religious purposes, stand like sentries guarding a small patch of land that was not discovered by Europeans until 1722. There are few moments in history more iconic than the first moon landing. Space Exploration History and Humanities Lenses Caleb Drube IDS 100 December 7, 2017 Introduction Space exploration as viewed through the history and humanities lenses will be the main topic for this presentation. 2 National Research Council, Issues and Opportunities Regarding the U.S. Space Program: A Summary Report While the exploration of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration though is conducted both by unmanned robotic space probes and human spaceflight.Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science. Environmentalists from Aldo Leopold to Holmes Rolston III have argued that humans have a duty to broaden the scope of their moral framework and acknowledge that not only people have intrinsic moral value, but also animals, entire ecosystems, and ultimately the Earth itself. It seems that due to their religious zeal (ie, the creation and erection of the giant statues or Moai, which needed to be transported to their destinations via numerous logs), the Rapanui suffered a history of “deforestation, soil depletion, and erosion… an overall devastating ecological scenario resulting in overpopulation, food shortages, cannibalism, and war.” (Dr Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Nova, PBS On line, August 31, 2001.) This full day program includes presentations from speakers in the fields of space science and STEM education, stimulating panel discussions involving current and … Pluto, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter, Venus and Mercury are for various reasons unfeasible locations for human settlement. Even these off-world places, as well as their surrounding space, are already under the auspices of agencies such as the United Nations, with written documents of rules and regulations, such as the ‘Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space’ and the ‘Status of International Agreements Relating to Activities in Outer Space’. Since space travel is one of the great symbolic achievements of Western civilization, and its origins are morally suspect, embedded as they are in the two great totalitarian socialist regimes of the 20th century, it is only natural that some will seek to tear down the ultimate triumph of American Exceptionalism. In any case they have generously provided space advocates with what may be the best justification for the continued exploration and colonization of space: “Who want to be stuck on the same planet with the semioticians, forever?”. Space, with its nearly infinite possibilities for new places for human life to flourish, is the only real frontier left. Another academic who avoided the post-modern trap was Michael Neufeld whose biography of Wernher Von Braun has just been published. Maybe there really is no room for anything new ‘under the sun’. During the 1970s, efforts to teach and research the social science and humanities aspects of the space program were reintensified. If we are to truly achieve our potential, and not have human history end here on Earth, regardless of how healthily, peacefully, and contentedly – let alone slip away like the Rapanui of Easter Island – then we require a commitment of extra-global proportions. One of the main sources of empirical evidence used by Darwin in developing his theory of evolution were the finches of the small Galapagos Islands. By continuing to browse the site with cookies enabled in your browser, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. Feb. 3, 2021. Exposing any weaknesses in the logic and arguments of space advocates is excellent preparation for what they will face from politicians. Narrative tropes and semiotic signifiers kept bumping into one another, in all their glorious complexity. How can the value of one planet ever override the value of spreading our humanity? John Krige gave a conventional and rational, but highly debatable, analysis of ESA’s origins and history. The history of space exploration has always been one of my favorite topics to learn about. Of course Space exploration is essential to humanity .Its who we are.We wouldn't be here if we didn't explore out of Africa. On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong took “one giant leap for mankind” as he stepped onto the moon. Under such a moral imperative, humanity has no choice but to forge new frontiers for expansion. If there are ‘laws of nature’ which she supposedly follows, they are nothing less than cruel and unusual. Maybe the Earth should be more like the Moon, pockmarked, barren, and silent? All of this is just the consequences of reproduction. Storage No. In fact, the values and valuing of any non-valuing being are nearly incomprehensible. But if one sees the Moon, Mars, and the now mostly constructed International Space Station as baby steps toward the exploration of space on a grander scale, then in the long run such UN etc intervention will have little impact on human colonization and social experimentation. Therefore, he reasoned, if we are to truly stand by our commitment to the value of human life, then not only is it immoral to argue for birth control, but, contrary to the belief of most philosophers, it is immoral to not argue in favor of maximum reproduction. The first space station in Earth orbit was the Soviet Salyut 1 station, which was launched in 1971. Using the slide titled “Conclusion,” reflect on what you learned during the research process. Or again, when animal rights activists argue their case, at bottom it is because animals (at whatever link on the evolutionary chain they draw the line) have demonstrated at least the potential, if not actual, ability to value – they attempt to avoid pain, they show affection for each other, show affection for humans, etc. What do we learn about ourselves and society when we engage with an artifact through this lens… This view, while controversial, is very widely held among philosophers. Space exploration - Space exploration - Exploring the universe: Until the dawn of spaceflight, astronomers were limited in their ability to observe objects beyond the solar system to those portions of the electromagnetic spectrum that can penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. Amy Nelson’s talk, “Lost in Space - Global Echoes of Sputnik 2” raised the question of how the story of Laika “continues to inform multivariant echoes in global popular culture,” from a Finnish surf rock band to comic books and animal rights activist musicians in the UK. Astrosociology is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field that promotes and represents convergence of the physical/natural sciences and the social/behavioral sciences on all matters pertaining to humanity’s interests and activities in space and the consequences of these activities for people on Earth. Weatherford argued that human lives are intrinsically valuable. What then if there were dozens, thousands, no millions of other worlds at least as biodiverse and habitable as this one? A discussion of several important philosophical problems concerning the justification of space exploration and other conceptual puzzles that arise from the actual and potential practice of space science (e.g. Deana L. Weibel is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan. Which of all of these possible incarnations – past, present or future – is the most consistent with the Earth’s proper function and destiny, or the one it ought to sustain? When you buy a used home you are constrained by the original structure to make do with the situation. Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. If the lesson from Easter Island is obvious, please forgive my forthcoming overstatement. To be honest, the problem of space may exist even in space, at least for the possibly-inhabitable spaces nearest Earth. The list of databases below are some options that you can look through for topics related to Jemison and the humanities. He said that if human beings are intrinsically valuable, then the more of them there are the better. Item Remarks Compartment; N-21-1-1: Heat shields: New, and one recovered after re-entry into the atmosphere: 13: 2: Metal fragments: Fragments of metal sheets covering a lunar module: 13: 3: Space food : 13(S) 4: Computer panel: As used in "Surveyor" 13: 5: So I'm looking at the Indian space program through that lens," he says. Their complex culture imploded. ESA / About Us / Art & Culture in Space. I believe the same is true about societies, civilizations and governments. SPACE EXPLORATION The United States of America. Or a later incarnation, as it cooled and allowed the life we now know as Jurassic? They show that harsh and odd circumstances force evolutionary change to take place. Recommend major goals and roles of science in the context of space exploration, and 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), The Vision for Space Exploration, NP-2004-01-334-HQ, NASA, Washington, D.C., 2004. My point here is not that a Buddhist-like ‘one equal with everything’ view is wrong, but that such a view cannot easily be turned into any action at all, let alone specific actions toward ‘saving the Earth’. The image was taken by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit’s panoramic camera on … Dr Klein’s article was originally sent to Philosophy Now in 2003. Should any group which is fundamentally hostile to the basic goals of a project, whose ambitions are closely identified with America’s national interests, have any influence on it? You can read four articles free per month. Before searching, let's strategize on constructing a few example searches. Can a Life of Child-rearing Be Meaningful? In the wake of contemporary rainforest destruction; polluted oceans, rivers and lakes; holes in the ozone layer; food shortages due to floods, pestilence or drought; toxic waste, acid rain and nuclear fall-out (to name just a few environmental issues), humanity needs to realize that no amount of environmental policy can change the inevitable ecological scenario of the future – more people, less natural environment. Although the details of the numerous arguments for such a position are outside the scope of this article, let me offer a few comments and criticisms. Taylor Dinerman is an author and journalist based in New York City. The answer should be of course: just as the critiques of the anti-war movement have helped America’s military leaders to improve their performance, so the critics of the space program serve a valuable function. That leaves us with Mars, and of course the Moon, both of which are already tainted by politics and special interests. Instead, what I am interested in is how and why this culture, known as the Rapanui, came to grief. This theoretical approach can sometimes present a few interesting, if minor insights. X. These island-specific finch populations evolved from a single species. 45, March 2011 1 Social Sciences and Humanities in Research on Space Exploration: Results of a Bibliometric Analysis Space exploration is an area of research and activity that is usually associated with natural sciences. Siddiqi believes that one reason the Indian government initially became interested in space exploration was an urge to modernize after becoming independent from Great Britain in 1947. Humans have long desired to explore the vast realms of space. Five strategies to maximize your sales kickoff What if the universe, in its nearly infinite hugeness, was simply packed with Earth-like M Class planets? One could argue that the Earth, although not a human creation, does derive a great deal of value from its uniqueness, or what we believe is its uniqueness. I imagine the surviving Rapanui, standing on the shore of Easter Island, now just a barren wasteland, saying, “We should probably have migrated somewhere else, or at least built an ark.”. Six Apollo missions were made to explore the moon between 1969 and 1972.During the 1960s, unmanned spacecraft photographed and probed the moon before astronauts ever landed. • Throughout history the space exploration has taught us many things and has been instrumental in … These arguments are not to say that I think it is irrational to work toward global peace, overall environmental health, and an end to famine and serious epidemics. I think the human race has no future if it doesn’t go into space.” Hawking believes that in 100 years, there could be self-sufficient settlements in space. In the mid 19th century Darwin demonstrated that species evolve in accordance with adaptive traits conducive to reproductive selection in particular ecosystems. It is estimated that the original landing party contained only about 100 people. For my ids100 class. First, there is this pesky philosophical notion of value itself. Most importantly for this discussion, how can one justify valuing the Earth without first having developed a relevant notion of value? ESAS (Exploration System Architecture Study) was created in 2005 to lay the foundation for transportation to and from the moon. Even if one is permitted to add on a room, this must be done with an eye to fitting with the previous structure. Human Futures Space Exploration: Humanity’s Single Most Important Moral Imperative Dr E. R. Klein says we should reconsider the value of space exploration and start getting ready to leave the nest.. Everyone is familiar with the giant stone heads of Easter Island, a tiny and remote island in the South Eastern Pacific, about 1800 miles off the coast of Chile. With teaming diverse species, or just one huge lump of humanity? That is, one of the reasons that we value people is because people, by definition, have the potential to value – value themselves, value others, and, of course, to value valuing. But Weatherford derived from this view a rather less commonly-held conclusion. Ellen Klein taught philosophy at Flagler College in Florida, and is now an independent scholar living in Washington DC. Richard Branson has offered to provide such a flight for Hawking in the next few years. Though I don’t share an immediate intuition that any and all human life is inherently or intrinsically valuable, the logic of his argument seems unassailable. Unfortunately, even if the population of the planet never gained even one more person, there really is nowhere on Earth where the political soil is pristine enough to allow for new, maybe better, social/economic/political systems to take root and thrive. And even if it were meaningful to talk about the Earth having interest in its own existence, what existence would it be proper to say is best for it? Anyone who doubts that French Imperialism and its mission civilizatrice is not alive and well, and exercising dominance over America’s campuses, should have attended the “Remembering the Space Age” conference, held at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington DC on October 22–23. (credit: NASA). The International Space Station, in low-Earth orbit, serves as humanity's farthest outpost in space right now. And finally, aren’t the virtually infinite number of strange, unforeseeable, and unyielding environments in outer space and on other planets precisely what humanity needs to evolve into its next stage? From the First to the Third World, the future will contain billions more people who will need more and more food and resources while producing more and more waste. Space exploration - Space exploration - Science in space: In the decades following the first Sputnik and Explorer satellites, the ability to put their instruments into outer space gave scientists the opportunity to acquire new information about the natural universe, information that in many cases would have been unobtainable any other way. He laid out in calm and balanced tones the way the history of the V-2 rocket’s development has been romanticized and distorted by the propaganda needs of both sides during the Cold War. A 1978 survey of faculty suggested the need for a single volume that united introductory material on the various social science disciplines and the classroom experience of faculty already teaching in the field. The first image ever taken of Earth from the surface of a planet beyond the Moon. Or ultimately, maybe the Earth would prefer its inevitable state, of returning to the cosmic dust from whence it came? I chose this topic because space has always amazed me and made me wonder what else is out there. Are we stagnating as a species? These portions include the visible region, parts of the ultraviolet region, and most of the radio-frequency region. Furthermore, is it the case that the Earth no longer holds any environment that we cannot alter to fit the state of development we’ve already achieved? Only the limits of the universe itself should limit humanity’s dreams. The most pointed lesson from Easter Island is that if you live on an island where you continually deplete and pollute the resources, be sure to save something to escape on before it’s too late. Another species, however, marooned on a different tiny island with no vegetation or bugs, has survived by adapting to drinking the blood of the Galapagos Lizards that bask daily in the sun in order to ‘stomach cook’ the underwater vegetation they themselves have adapted to feed on. All rights reserved. The pivotal moment when a human stepped foot … Space Exploration. Those who believe that the Earth is itself intrinsically valuable may argue that it is therefore simply morally wrong to fly off and abandon our beautiful blue-green home. With no trees left even to build fishing boats, the population shrank to a fifth of its previous level. Add to this the persistent human desire to spread one’s particular political agenda and/or religious ideals, and one quickly realizes that the planet Earth, even if it were kept ecologically tidy, is simply too small to give every group its own private, isolated, ‘holy’ property. The origins of the Space Age, which includes polarizing people like Wernher von Braun, provides considerable fodder for space historians and other researchers. Many viewpoints of space exploration say that millions are being wasted on space programs, while societies are still struggling for basic amenities and rights, but spaceonomics has its societal benefits.. Space programs are increasing economic benefits, and not just in … The picture is, simply, apocalypse soon. This brings up the question of what role, if any, the humanities should play in future decisions about the space program. The intangible desire to explore and challenge the boundaries of what we know and where we have been has provided benefits to our society for centuries. The scope of value can be broadened from here, of course, via any number of analogous findings and connections, but not without the possible slippery pitfall into some kind of valuing everything on a par with everything else. The greatest and most interesting thing about this conference was its ambiguous relationship to the US government. Resounding phrases and expressions from the world of postmodern theory (which, for some reason, they no longer want to call “postmodern”) filled the air. He says this is a step towards later taking a sub-orbital space journey. This brings me to another reason for space exploration: the opportunity for our species to further evolve. One as in the beginning, in which it was a hunk of molten rock? © Philosophy Now 2021. Even if one anthropomorphizes ‘her’, the history of the Earth is one of a very inconsistent being, let alone in any way morally stable. When, for example anti-abortionists argue their case, it is, at base because fetuses are at least potential, if not actual, people qua valuable and valuing beings. Since June 2006, the renowned British astrophysicist Stephen Hawking has also begun to make statements supporting large-scale colonization of space. That is, assuming that human life is of intrinsic value, then we all have a moral duty to create, recreate, and procreate human life as often, and in as many places, as we can. On this view, to treat the Earth and its resources solely as means to human ends is simply wrong. A few presenters bravely tried to stick up for progressive enlightenment values, notably Dwayne Day and Roger Lanius, but even Launius succumbed in the end to the powerful gravitational pull of postmodern jargon. This led Weatherford to conclude that it is humanity’s number one global moral imperative to provide the educational and technological resources, as well as develop the overall mindset, for the advancement of space exploration and colonization. Social Sciences and Humanities in Research on Space Exploration: Results of a Bibliometric Analysis ESPI Perspectives No. 7 benefits of working from home; Jan. 26, 2021. Everyone is familiar with the giant stone heads of Easter Island, a tiny and remote island in the South Eastern Pacific, about 1800 miles off the coast of Chile. Humans are driven to explore the unknown, discover new worlds, push the boundaries of our scientific and technical limits, and then push further. Is it true that until the actual physiology of our brains changes again, similar to the degree and kind of change our evolutionary ancestors went through from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens, we will see only modest progress for humanity? Can we say that the Earth is better off with more primeval forests than with sprawling industrial cities? Andrew Butrica gave a long and passionate denunciation of almost everything that the US government, dominated as it has been by the GOP for much of the last quarter century, has done. In what sense then does the Earth itself value any particular kind of moral (or even aesthetic etc) goals? Perhaps most essentially because the Earth is not an artifact; that is, it is not a artful creation of our genius. Value simpliciter probably has its beginnings in the basic intuition that the ‘I’ is valuable, and so anything relevantly similar to ‘I’ is also valuable (ie other persons who act, look, etc just like I do). From where is value bootstrapped? That is, the Rapanui paid a huge price for “the way they chose to articulate their spiritual and political ideas.” (ibid). Using the slide titled “Further Exploration” articulate next steps for further exploration of this topic.
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