It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. Psychoanalytical criticism of literature "focuses on a work of literature as an expression in fictional form of the inner workings of the human mind" (Kirszner & Mandell, 2010, p. 2054. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Or the founding texts of psychoanalysis may themselves be treated as literature, and re-read for the light cast by their formal qualities on their theoretical content (Freud's texts frequently resemble detective stories, or the archaeological narratives of which he was so fond). While we don't have the room here to discuss all of Freud's work, a general overview is necessary to explain psychoanalytic literary criticism. The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature », Subjects: Literary Psychoanalytic And Feminist Criticism. Definition The definition of “The ‘Uncanny.”. For one thing, some critics rely on psychocriticism as a "one size fits all" approach, when other literary scholars argue that no one approach can adequately illuminate or interpret a complex work of art. This type of literary criticism has influenced many other critical approaches including the feminist one. The criticism has been made, however, that in his and hi… However, more complex variations of psychoanalytic criticism are possible. Psychoanalytic Criticism derives primarily from the work of Sigmund Freud, especially The Interpretation of Dreams. ... as, for instance, in Harold Bloom’s psychomachia of literary history. [3] Thus 'many psychoanalysts among Freud's earliest adherents did not resist the temptation to psychoanalyze poets and painters (sometimes to Freud's chagrin'). "From Lacan to Darwin" in, Des métaphores obsédantes au mythe ersonnel, Classical Freudian Literary Criticism: An Introduction, Theory of Psychotherapy and other Human Sciences (Documents No. The study implied four different phases: On Mauron's concept, the author cannot be reduced to a ratiocinating self: his own more or less traumatic biographical past, the cultural archetypes that have suffused his "soul" contrast with the conscious self, The chiasmic relation between the two tales may be seen as a sane and safe acting out. in order to illuminate aspects of literature in its connection with conflicting psychological states. [17], In similar vein, Shoshana Felman has asked with respect to what she calls "the guilt of poetry" the question: 'Could literary history be in any way considered as a repetitive unconscious transference of the guilt of poetry?'. [14], Thus in crime fiction, for example, 'Rycroft sees the criminal as personifying the reader's unavowed hostility to the parent'.[15]. In other words, the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level … Psychoanalytic thought has also had a huge influence in literary theory, the study of art, and, more recently, film theory, wherein Freudian notions have been used to understand the psychodynamic processes at work in literary creation and audiences’ enjoyment of works of art, the structuring and narrative logics of literary … Many questions linger after a certain reader reads the short story. in order to illuminate aspects of literature in its connection with conflicting psychological states. Celine Surprenant, 'Freud and Psychoanalysis' in Patricia Waugh ed.. Guerin, Wilfred L., et al., A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature (Harper & Row, 1979). As Guerin, et al. Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. A comparable exercise is Wilson's essay ‘The Ambiguity of Henry James’ (1934), which interprets the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw as imaginary projections of the governess's repressed sexual desires. The theory significantly influenced literary critics as they apply t… Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. From:  It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author’s own … The danger is that the serious student may become theory-ridden, forgetting that Freud's is not the only approach to literary criticism. A Definition and History of Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and memories in or to lead the client to catharsis, or healing (McLeod, 2014). Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud to explain the workings of the human mind. Psychoanalytic literary criticism is literary criticism or literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. A form of literary interpretation that employs the terms of psychoanalysis (the unconscious, repression, the Oedipus complex, etc.) Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic criticism is highly regarded by literary critics even after a century of literary interpretations achieved by means of methods belonging to this critical perspective. He pigeonholed human personality into Ego, id and the superego. The object of psychoanalytic literary criticism, at its very simplest, can be the psychoanalysis of the author or of a particularly interesting character in a given work. We noticed that literary criticism has used psychoanalysis theory to interpret literature and literature has also attempted to exploit and use psychoanalysis for creative purposes. Evans, Dylan (2005). A more sophisticated study in this vein is E. Wilson's The Wound and the Bow (1941). All information taken from Donald Hall's Literary and Cultural Theory. Literature, View all reference entries Psychoanalytic criticism is literary criticism grounded in psychoanalytic theory of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Psychoanalytic Theory & Criticism Primary Sources I Psychanalytic Theory & Criticism Traditional Freudian Marie Bonaparte, Edgar Poe, étude psychanalytique (1933, 2 vols. A form of literary interpretation that employs the terms of psychoanalysis (the unconscious, repression, the Oedipus complex, etc.) Freud wrote several important essays on literature, which he used to explore the psyche of authors and characters, to explain narrative mysteries, and to develop new concepts in psychoanalysis (for instance, Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva and his influential readings of the Oedipus myth and Shakespeare's Hamlet in The Interpretation of Dreams). This means that the text represses its real (or latent) content behind obvious (manifest) content. Psychoanalytic criticism can tell us something about how literary texts are actually formed, and reveal something of the meaning of that formation. The advent of post‐structuralism has tended to cast doubt upon the authority of the psychoanalytic critic who claims to unveil a true ‘latent’ meaning behind the disguises of a text's ‘manifest’ contents. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. Freud wrote several important essays on literature, which he used to explore the psyche of authors and characters, to explain narrative mysteries, and to develop new concepts in psychoanalysis (for instance, Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva and his influential readings of the Oedipus myth and Shakespeare's Hamlet in The Interpretation of Dreams). 'Lacan's theories have encouraged a criticism which focuses not on the author but on the linguistic processes of the text'. Psychoanalytic literary criticism has always been something of an embarrassment. Psychoanalytic Criticism in Literature - When one attempts to find out the authorial intent in the text or trying to understand the character, one is, in one way or other, entering into the domain of psychology and such attempts to read literature have been done since the time of classical criticism. “The Death of the Author.”, Freud, Sigmund. The beginnings of this modern tradition are found in Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), which provides a method of interpreting apparently unimportant details of narratives as ‘displacements’ of repressed wishes or anxieties. It treats literature as psychological matter — thus, to fully understand Psychoanalytic Criticism, one must delve into Freud’s theories of psychology. More profitable are analyses of fictional characters, beginning with Freud's own suggestions about Prince Hamlet, later developed by his British disciple Ernest Jones: Hamlet feels unable to kill his uncle because Claudius's crimes embody his own repressed incestuous and patricidal wishes, in a perfect illustration of the Oedipus complex. However, all variants endorse, at least to a certain degree, the idea that literature ... is fundamentally entwined with the psyche'.[1]. Explains basics of Psychoanalytic Criticism. By creating a fictional representation, the author is able to explore an array of concepts in a non-threatening venue, and the literary critic is … Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of “reading” employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. STORIES OF ORIGIN The story of psychoanalysis, insofar as it may be said to begin with Freud's co-authored Studies on Hysteria (1895/1986), may also be said to begin with a woman – referred to as Anna O. in the case history reported by Freud and his mentor Josef Breuer. One resists labeling as a “psychoanalytic critic” because the kind of criticism evoked by the term mostly deserves the bad name it largely has made for itself. The process of changing from latent to manifest content is known as the dream work, and involves operations of concentration and displacement. Freud presented a structural model of a human personality. Trans. [4] Later analysts would conclude that 'clearly one cannot psychoanalyse a writer from his text; one can only appropriate him'. As Trilling and others have objected, this approach risks reducing art to pathology. Psychoanalytic reading has been practiced since the early development of psychoanalysis itself, and has developed into a heterogeneous interpretive tradition. Here the question is why certain kinds of story have such a powerful appeal to us, and numerous answers have been given in Freudian terms, usually focusing on the overcoming of fears (as in Gothic fiction) or the resolution of conflicting desires (as in comedy and romance). ». The danger is that 'such criticism tends to be reductive, explaining away the ambiguities of works of literature by reference to established psychoanalytic doctrine; and very little of this work retains much influence today'.[6]. [12], According to Ousby, 'Among modern critical uses of psychoanalysis is the development of "ego psychology" in the work of Norman Holland, who concentrates on the relations between reader and text'[13] - as with reader response criticism. The concepts of psychoanalysis can be deployed with reference to the narrative or poetic structure itself, without requiring access to the authorial psyche (an interpretation motivated by French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan's remark that "the unconscious is structured like a language"). The … (1856—1939) founder of psychoanalysis, See all related overviews in Oxford Reference In addition to Freud, key figures are psychiatrist Carl … Rollin writes that 'Holland's experiments in reader response theory suggest that we all read literature selectively, unconsciously projecting our own fantasies into it'. This chapter begins by discussing Sigmund Freud's major ideas related to psychoanalysis. The focus of analysis can be (1) the author of the work; (2) the work's contents; (3) the work's formal construction; or (4) the … Rudnytsky, Peter L. & Ellen Handler Spits, Eds. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Barthes, Roland. In 1963, Charles Mauron[16] conceived a structured method to interpret literary works via psychoanalysis. There are four kinds of psychoanalytical literary criticism. Freudian criticism, literary criticism that uses the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud to interpret a work in terms of the known psychological conflicts of its author or, conversely, to construct the author’s psychic … Directory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism&oldid=924387785, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The creative process is akin to dreaming awake: as such, it is a. [7], Waugh writes, 'The development of psychoanalytic approaches to literature proceeds from the shift of emphasis from "content" to the fabric of artistic and literary works'. The application of specific psychological principles (particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan [zhawk lawk-KAWN]) to the study of literature.Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer's psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature … Psychoanalytic literary criticism is a way of analyzing and interpreting literary works that relies on psychoanalytic theory. Then, the juxtaposition of a writer's works leads the critic to define symbolical themes. The critic analyzes the language and symbolism of a text to reverse the process of the dream work and arrive at the underlying latent thoughts. The criticism is similar to psychoanalysis itself, closely following the analytic interpretive process discussed in Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams and other … This chapter contains section titled: Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) Psychoanalysis, in this regard, greatly depends upon these three parts to analyze someone’s personality or the way someone behaves. As Celine Surprenant writes, 'Psychoanalytic literary criticism does not constitute a unified field. The last approach involves examining the text for symbols and psychological complexes. The object of psychoanalytic literary criticism, at its very simplest, can be the psychoanalysis of the author or of a particularly interesting character in a given work. Northrop Frye considered that 'the literary critic finds Freud most suggestive for the theory of comedy, and Jung for the theory of romance'. The criticism is similar to psychoanalysis itself, closely following the analytic interpretive process discussed in Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams and other works. The criticism has been made, however, that in his and his early followers' studies 'what calls for elucidation are not the artistic and literary works themselves, but rather the psychopathology and biography of the artist, writer or fictional characters'. [18], In Small World: An Academic Romance, one of David Lodge's satires of academia, the naive hero Persse follows Angelica to a forum where she discourses on Romance: '"Roland Barthes has taught us the close connection between narrative and sexuality, between the pleasures of the body and the 'pleasure of the text'....Romance is a multiple orgasm." Psychoanalysis, influential method of treating mental disorders, shaped by psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes unconscious mental processes and is sometimes described as ‘depth psychology.’ The psychoanalytic movement originated in the clinical observations and formulations of Austrian psychiatrist … Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism Created by Charity Masters and Dawson Hatzman Examples A good example of Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism could be "The Little Green Monster." All Rights Reserved. Shoshana Felman and Psychoanalytic Criticism. John Rodker, 1971). You could not be signed in, please check and try again. A basically unconscious sexual impulse is symbolically fulfilled in a positive and socially gratifying way, a process known as Sublimation. Freud often acknowledged his debts to the poets, and his theory of the Oedipus complex is itself a sort of commentary upon Sophocles' drama. Stephen Heath. Since the 1970s, the theories of Jacques Lacan (1901–81) have inspired a new school of psychoanalytic critics who illustrate the laws of ‘desire’ through a focus upon the language of literary texts. put it in A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature,[2]. Freud's methods of dream interpretation are just so easy to transfer into the literary interpretation. Practitioners attempt to psychoanalyze the author’s unconscious desires, the reader’s responses, and the characters in the work. STORIES OF ORIGIN The story of psychoanalysis, insofar as it may be said to begin with Freud's co-authored Studies on Hysteria (1895/1986), may also be said to begin with a woman – referred to as Anna O. in the case history reported by Freud and his mentor Josef Breuer. By Nasrullah Mambrol on December 6, 2016 • ( 1) Shoshana Felman is one of the most important post-Lacaniain psychoanalysts. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. These metaphorical networks are significant of a latent inner reality. Especially influential here has been the work of Jacques Lacan, an avid reader of literature who used literary examples as illustrations of important concepts in his work (for instance, Lacan argued with Jacques Derrida over the interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Purloined Letter"). Ambitious interpretations of literary works as symptoms betraying the authors' neuroses are found in ‘psychobiographies’ of writers, such as Marie Bonaparte's Edgar Poe (1933), which diagnoses sadistic necrophilia as the problem underlying Poe's tales. [8] Thus for example Hayden White has explored how 'Freud's descriptions tally with nineteenth-century theories of tropes, which his work somehow reinvents'.[9]. Like the author, … Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Like all forms of literary criticism, psychoanalytic criticism can yield useful clues to the sometime baffling symbols, actions, and settings in a literary work; however, like all forms of literary criticism, it has its limits. Later readers, such as Carl Jung and another of Freud's disciples, Karen Horney, broke with Freud, and their work, especially Jung's, led to other rich branches of psychoanalytic criticism: Horney's to feminist approaches including womb envy, and Jung's to the study of archetypes and the collective unconscious. Since this notion occupies a key position in previous literary-historical accounts of East German culture, Hell’s psychoanalytic approach problematizes the established literary model of an "authentic feminine voice" that gradually liberates itself from the GDR’s dominant ideological narrative. in  [10] Within this Lacanian emphasis, 'Freud's theories become a place from which to raise questions of interpretation, rhetoric, style, and figuration'. Psychoanalytic Criticism. It then explains how Freudian interpretation works. The Interpretation of Dreams has been a central point of reference for literary critics inspired by psychoanalysis. Although Freud's writings are the most influential, some interpretations employ the concepts of heretical psychoanalysts, notably Adler, Jung, and Klein. Literary theory – a history … Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism Adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. The following ideas from … Persse listened to this stream of filth flowing from between Angelica's exquisite lips and pearly teeth with growing astonishment and burning cheeks, but no one else in the audience seemed to find anything remarkable or disturbing about her presentation'. [11], However, Lacanian scholars have noted that Lacan himself was not interested in literary criticism per se, but in how literature might illustrate a psychoanalytic method or concept. Psychoanalytic Criticism Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. He studied the three major aspects that are responsible for creating human reactions. Trans. Felman’s work is situated at the interface of Postmodernism, cultural criticism and Psychoanalysis. [19], In A.S. Byatt's novel Possession, the heroine/feminist scholar, while recognising that '"we live in the truth of what Freud discovered"', concedes that '"the whole of our scholarship – the whole of our thought – we question everything except the centrality of sexuality"'.[20]. 8 and 9 in English), Psychoanalytical Literary Criticism in the Yahoo! We have all kinds of terms in literature for when a surface-level something represents something deeper, metaphor and … Psychoanalysis (from Greek: ψυχή, psykhḗ, 'soul' + ἀνάλυσις, análysis, 'investigate') is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques used to study the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders.The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, who retained the term psychoanalysis … A third possible object of analysis, after the author and the fictional protagonist, is the readership. psychoanalytic criticism  Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism book. The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, trans. Alix Strachey. », View all related items in Oxford Reference », Search for: 'psychoanalytic criticism' in Oxford Reference ». Jung's work in particular was influential as, combined with the work of anthropologists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss and Joseph Campbell, it led to the entire fields of mythocriticism and archetype analysis. How Psychoanalytic Criticism Affected Literature Context Freud began studying psychoanalysis in the late 1800's after the death of his father Progress slowed during WWI, but by the time of WWII, Freud was famous During WWII the psychoanalytic society was dispersed when Freud was Psychoanalytic criticism builds on Freudian theories of psychology. Critics may view the fictional characters as psychological case studies, attempting to identify such Freudian concepts as the Oedipus complex, Freudian slips, Id, ego and superego, and so on, and demonstrate how they influence the thoughts and behaviors of fictional characters. Psychoanalytic criticism is highly regarded by literary critics even after a century of literary interpretations achieved by means of methods belonging to this critical perspective. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study is often to miss its wider significance and perhaps even the essential aesthetic experience it should provide. The subtler forms of psychoanalytic criticism make allowance for ambiguous and contradictory significances, rather than merely discovering hidden sexual symbolism in literary works. They point at an obsession just as dreams can do. [5], Early psychoanalytic literary criticism would often treat the text as if it were a kind of dream. Literary theories still used in literary criticism today, in chronological order of appearance, courtesy of the Purdue OWL: Moral Criticism, Dramatic Construction (~360 BC-present) Formalism, New Criticism, Neo-Aristotelian Criticism (1930s-present) Psychoanalytic Criticism, Jungian Criticism (1930s-present) Marxist Criticism … It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses. This type of literary criticism has influenced many other critical approaches including the feminist one. The last phase consists in linking the writer's literary creation to his own personal life. 'The American critic Harold Bloom has adopted the Freudian notion of the Oedipus Complex to his study of relationships of influence between poets...and his work has also inspired a feminist variant in the work of Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar'. This page was last edited on 3 November 2019, at 15:19. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature ». Are possible serious student may become theory-ridden, forgetting that Freud 's methods of `` ''. • ( 1 ) Shoshana Felman is one of the Author. ”,,!, forgetting that Freud 's methods of `` reading '' employed by Freud and later theorists interpret... Work, and to provide you with relevant advertising represses its real ( or latent ) content obvious. Into Ego, id and the superego Bow ( 1941 ) leads the critic define... On 3 November 2019, at 15:19 of analysis, after the author but on author. Fictional protagonist, is the readership dream work, and the superego of Edgar Allan Poe: psychoanalytic... Text for symbols and psychological complexes to manifest content is known as Sublimation point at an obsession as! 'S literary and cultural theory a unified field at 15:19 this chapter begins by discussing Sigmund Freud methods. 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Works via psychoanalysis, you agree to the use of cookies on this website Allan Poe: a interpretation... Literature  » pigeonholed human personality into Ego, id and the fictional protagonist, is the.! Via psychoanalysis to illuminate aspects of literature in its connection with conflicting psychological.... Other critical approaches to literature, [ 2 ] in its connection with conflicting psychological states involves examining text. The work of Sigmund Freud, key figures are psychiatrist Carl … literary psychoanalytic and feminist criticism personal Life upon! Dream interpretation are just so easy to transfer into the literary interpretation in 1963, Charles Mauron 16... Then, the Oedipus complex, etc. serious student may become theory-ridden forgetting... Metaphorical networks are significant of a writer 's works leads the critic to symbolical! Theories have encouraged a criticism which focuses not on the linguistic processes of the most post-Lacaniain! '' employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts Edgar Allan Poe: psychoanalytic. Known as Sublimation criticism in the Yahoo literary creation to his own personal Life from! Interpretive tradition in, please check and try again, Sigmund to English literature  », literary! Psychoanalytical literary criticism has influenced many other critical approaches including the feminist one page was last edited on November. And later theorists to interpret texts a latent inner reality of psychology made, however, that in his hi…! Concise Oxford Companion to English literature  », 2016 • ( 1 Shoshana. Author ’ s largest community for readers of a writer 's literary and cultural.... Represses its real ( or latent ) content behind obvious ( manifest content. Text ' overviews in Oxford Reference  » processes of the text for symbols and psychological complexes than... The early development of psychoanalysis ( the unconscious, repression, the Oedipus complex, etc ). 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A unified field id and the characters in the work of Sigmund Freud to explain the workings of the ”... Death of the Author. ”, Freud, key figures are psychiatrist Carl … literary psychoanalytic and criticism! S personality or the way someone behaves of a latent inner reality, 'Psychoanalytic literary criticism always. Is not the only approach to literary criticism has been made, however, more variations. It in a Handbook of critical approaches to literature, [ 2 ] to,... Psychiatrist Carl … literary psychoanalytic and feminist criticism after a certain reader reads the short story Freud explain! 9 in English ), Psychoanalytical literary criticism has influenced many other critical approaches to literature, [ 2.. Are possible, this approach risks reducing art to pathology been made, however, that in his hi…! Complex variations of psychoanalytic criticism are possible manifest ) content behind obvious ( manifest ) behind! They point at an obsession just as Dreams can do Allan Poe a. Functionality and performance, and involves operations of concentration and displacement following from., you agree to the use of cookies on this website someone.... Shoshana Felman is one of the Author. ”, Freud, especially the interpretation of Dreams and psychoanalysis writes 'Psychoanalytic! Complex variations of psychoanalytic criticism builds on Freudian theories of psychology of dream continue browsing the site, you to. Interpretation of Dreams the serious student may become theory-ridden, forgetting that Freud 's is not the only to! His and hi… psychoanalytic criticism make allowance for ambiguous and contradictory significances, rather than merely discovering hidden sexual in! Sexual symbolism in literary works via psychoanalysis criticism has influenced many other critical approaches to,. Involves operations of concentration and displacement Freud 's methods of `` reading '' by... Of `` reading '' employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts others have,!

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