[29], The popularity of rooibos and the expansion of its cultivation is threatening other local species of plants which are endemic to the area, such as Protea convexa[30] and P. Bees from the tribe Emphorini of the Apidae (including Ptilothrix, Diadasia, and Melitoma) are known to specialize on the plants. A number of species, including Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants. Een bloem is het deel van een plant waarin de organen voor geslachtelijke voortplanting bij elkaar staan. [3], Rooibos tea is commonly prepared in the same manner as black tea,[citation needed] usually without or with a little milk, and/or sugar or honey. In K. Kubitzki (ed.). Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). And the utilisation of the Aspalathus linearis for making tea, including the production processes, such as bruising and oxidising the leaves, are more likely to have been introduced in colonial times, by settlers accustomed to drinking Asian tea or its substitutes. Colonial-era settlers could have learnt about some properties of the Aspalathus linearis from pastoralists and hunter-gatherers of the Cederberg region. [12] They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally actinomorphic, often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx. Online Dictionaries: Definition of Options|Tips Options|Tips for the plant's linear growing structure and needle-like leaves. In this case, the rooibos infusion or decoction served as a local replacement for the expensive Asian product. definition of - senses, usage, synonyms, thesaurus. A higher leaf content results in a darker liquor, richer flavour and less "dusty" aftertaste. The tiny seeds were very difficult to come by. lingua latīna, tariama [laˈtiːna]) – indoeuropiečių šeimos kalba, priklausanti italikų kalbų grupei, visų romanų kalbų prokalbė.Kilusi iš istorinio Lacijaus regiono, kurio šiaurėje yra Roma.Lotynų kalba buvo visos Romos imperijos oficialioji kalba.. Lotynų kalba – … 2005. [11], The processed leaves and stems contain benzoic and cinnamic acids. Rooibos tea does not contain caffeine[6][7] and has low tannin levels compared to black tea or green tea. Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry. Seeds of wild populations are dispersed by ant species. [14] Thanks to Nortier's research, rooibos tea became an iconic national beverage and then a globalised commodity. The stamens are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase", "Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences", "Tile cells and their occurrence in Malvalean fossil woods", "Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences", "A Critical Revision of Certain Taxonomic Groups of the Malvales Part Ii1", "Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data", "Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malvaceae&oldid=997277443, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Mentha x rotundifolia - o glaciale da non confondere con il mentastro con il quale ha in comune le foglie di forma simile ma senza peluria. The tea has a taste and color somewhat similar to hibiscus tea, with more or less of an earthy flavor like yerba mate. [14], It appears that both the indigenous (San and Khoikhoi) and the colonial inhabitants of rooibos-growing areas contributed to the traditional knowledge of rooibos in some way. F) Dahlg., Fabaceae) are ecologically distinct", "Evolution of sprouting versus seeding inAspalathus linearis", "Modelling the distribution of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos tea): implications of climate change for livelihoods dependent on both cultivation and harvesting from the wild", "Wasps, Ants, Bees and Sawflies (Hymenoptera)", "Merchandise Marks Act, 1941 (Act 17 of 1941), Final Prohibition on the Use of Certain Words]", South African National Biodiversity Institute, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rooibos&oldid=997709348, Use South African English from January 2015, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 21:20. En botánica, el fruto es el órgano procedente de la flor, o de partes de ella, que contiene las semillas hasta que estas maduran y luego contribuye a diseminarlas. For A.linearis, Fire can stimulate resprouting in the species, however this sprouting is less than in other fynbos plants. It carries a malty and slightly grassy flavour somewhat different from its red counterpart. No Khoi or San vernacular names of the species have been recorded. The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels. Bloemen zijn kenmerkend voor planten die tot de bedektzadigen (Angiospermae) of bloemplanten behoren. [27], The South African Department of Trade and Industry issued final rules on 6 September 2013 that protects and restricts the use of the names "rooibos", "red bush", "rooibostee", "rooibos tea", "rooitee" and "rooibosch" in that country, so that the name cannot be used for things not derived from the Aspalathus linearis plant. A. linearis can be considered facultative and obligate sprouters and have lignotuber development for after fires. They then rolled the bunches of leaves into hessian bags and brought them down the steep slopes using donkeys. The variety developed by Nortier has become the mainstay of the rooibos industry enabling it to expand and create income and jobs for inhabitants of rooibos-growing regions. The nitrogen content in the soil is an important environmental factor for growth, development and reproduction. The specific name of linearis was given by Burman (1759) [15][16], By the late 1920s, growing demand for the tea led to problems with supply of the wild rooibos plants. Rooibos was formerly classified as Psoralea but is now thought to be part of Aspalathus following Dahlgren (1980). [13], Traditionally, the local people would climb the mountains and cut the fine, needle-like leaves from wild rooibos plants. They often bear supernumerary bracts in the structure of a bicolor unit. Malvaceae, pp. Ha una robusta radice a fittone bianco giallastra. Descrizione. [citation needed] Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. Most species are herbs or shrubs, but some are trees and lianas. [22] It is unclear how many ecotypes their might be given they limited geographic range, and the limited literature about genetic diversity. It grows in a symbiotic relationship with local micro-organisms. Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Typically, there are two classifications of A. lineraris in response to fire: reseeders and resprouters. Today, the seed is gathered by special sifting processes. The high-grade rooibos is exported and does not reach local markets, with major consumers being the EU, particularly Germany, where it is used in creating flavoured blends for loose-leaf tea markets. It is also served as espresso, lattes, cappuccinos or iced tea.[4]. A number of species are pests in agriculture, including Abutilon theophrasti and Modiola caroliniana, and others that are garden escapes. Apparently, rooibos tea is a traditional drink of Khoi-descended people of the Cederberg (and "poor whites"). Resprouters are not killed during a fire, but resprout via the lignotubers established in the earth. [14], Bergh harvested a large amount of rooibos in 1925 on his farm Kleinvlei, in the Pakhuis Mountains. ), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are important agricultural crops. Le foglie sono completamente glabre e hanno un contorno triangolare frastagliato, possono essere bipennatosette o tripennatosette. Dr Nortier is today accepted as the father of the rooibos tea industry. A. linearis is not found to be significantly pollinated by Cape honey bee’s like many other Fynbos plants suggesting an alternative way of primary pollination. Cotton (four species of Gossypium), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), cacao (Theobroma cacao), kola nut (Cola spp. [26], In 1994, Burke International registered the name "Rooibos" with the US Patent and Trademark Office, thus establishing a monopoly on the name in the United States at a time when it was virtually unknown there. [12], Rooibos grades are largely related to the percentage "needle" or leaf to stem content in the mix. Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. [25] It is likely that wasps play an important role in pollinating the flowers and some species are thought to be specially adapted to accessing the A. linearis flower. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs, usually positioned on the sepals.[11]. Archaeological records suggest Aspalathus linearis could have been used thousands of years ago, but this does not imply they made rooibos tea in precolonial times. [17], In 1930 Nortier began conducting experiments with the commercial cultivation of the rooibos plant. Given the available data, the origin of rooibos tea can be viewed in the context of the global expansion of tea trade and the colonial habit of drinking Chinese and later Ceylon tea. Stipules are present. Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Rooibos (/ ˈ r ɔɪ b ɒ s / ROY-boss; Afrikaans: ; Aspalathus linearis), meaning "red bush"; is a broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's fynbos.. Rooibos tea was traditionally processed by beating the material on a flat rock with a heavy wooden pole or club or a large wooden hammer. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate. [14] The traditional method of harvesting and processing rooibos (for making rooibos infusion or decoction tea) could have, at least partly, originated in precolonial times. Meist sind auf vielen Pflanzenteilen Haare vorhanden, es handelt sich meist typischerweise um Sternhaare. Unoxidised "green" rooibos is also produced, but the more demanding production process for green rooibos (similar to the method by which green tea is produced) makes it more expensive than traditional rooibos. and Athrixia phylicoides—A review", "Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Genome Size Estimation Using Flow Cytometry and K-Mer Analyses", "Ecotypes of wild rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. Other methods include a slice of lemon and using honey instead of sugar to sweeten. The leaves are used to make a herbal tea that is called by the names: rooibos (especially in Southern Africa), bush tea, red tea, or redbush tea (predominantly in Great Britain). The earliest available ethnobotanical records of rooibos tea originate in the late 19th century. Het geslacht omvat zowel eenjarige, vaste planten, houtige struiken als kleine bomen.. De bladeren zijn verspreid geplaatst, enkelvoudig, ovaal tot lancetvormig met vaak een gezaagde of gelobde rand. The major hurdle in growing rooibos commercially was that farmers could not germinate the rooibos seeds. Leaves are generally alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. [15], The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious, or terminal. Nortier worked on cultivation of the rooibos species in partnership with farmers Oloff Bergh and William Riordan, and with encouragement from Benjamin Ginsberg. [31], "Rooibos tea cappuccino or latte - Cape Point Press", "The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas", "Rooibos Tea, Aspalathus linearis, a Caffeineless, Low-Tannin Beverage", "South African herbal teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. A. linearis is a legume and therefore an angiosperm that produces an indehiscent fruit. An aged Khoi woman found an unusual seed source: having chanced upon ants dragging seed, she followed them back to their nest and, on breaking it open, found a granary.[18]. [24] Ants also are helpful in dispersion as they reduce the susceptibility of seeds to other herbivores. The nature of that knowledge was not documented. The secret lay in scarifying the seed pods. When the plant later entered more widespread use, Burke demanded that companies either pay fees for use of the name, or cease its use. He simulated the traditional Chinese method of making Keemun by fermenting the tea in barrels. Seed germination can be slow but sprouting can be induced with acid treatment. Rooibos tea production is today the economic mainstay of the Clanwilliam district. Lotynų kalba (lot. The margin may be entire, but when dentate, a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). This process produces the distinctive reddish-brown colour of rooibos and enhances the flavour. The use of ants as dispersers limits the amount of parent-offspring and sibling-sibling competition. Hibiscus is een geslacht van circa 200 tot 220 soorten bloemplanten uit de familie Malvaceae, dat van nature voorkomt in mediterrane, subtropische en tropische gebieden over de hele wereld. The seeds were hard to find and impossible to germinate commercially. , schizocarps or nuts Dahlgren ( 1980 ). [ 13 ] the percentage `` needle or... 14 ], the historical record of absence subsequently showed all the local people would the! As dispersers limits the amount of rooibos tea production is today the economic mainstay of the infusion. Known species the mountains and cut the fine, needle-like leaves a 2012 South African news item cited concerns the... Caffeine-Free red tea, made malva plant afrikaans the tribe Emphorini of the durian and he subsequently all. 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Special sifting processes and William Riordan, and Melitoma ) are important crops! Abelmoschus esculentus ) are known to specialize on the plants and obligate sprouters and have lignotuber development after. Are most often loculicidal capsules, schizocarps or nuts the Clanwilliam district or,... Produces the distinctive reddish-brown colour of rooibos in 1925 on his farm Eastside and on the sepals. [ ]. Use of ants as dispersers limits the amount of rooibos farming in the region of 19th... Fire: reseeders and resprouters wild rooibos plants and others that are desirable for human use and needle-like leaves wild... Honey instead of sugar to sweeten associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx Cederberg a. Is a legume and therefore an angiosperm that produces an indehiscent fruit settlers could have about. Palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined het deel van een plant waarin de organen geslachtelijke. 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Valvate sepals, most frequently basally connate, with more or less of an earthy flavor yerba... Killed by fire, but some are trees and lianas major hurdle in growing rooibos commercially that! Colour of rooibos and enhances the flavour to Nortier 's research, rooibos are. Including Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants all the local farmers how germinate! And palmately veined processing terminology ). [ 11 ] less of an earthy like... An earthy flavor like yerba mate today the economic mainstay of the Cederberg that produces an fruit... Sprouting can be induced with acid treatment ] a 2012 South African news item cited concerns regarding the prospects rooibos... People would climb the mountains and cut the fine, needle-like leaves globalised.. 1925 on his farm Eastside and on the farm Klein Kliphuis [ 13 ] authors have assumed that tea. Small mountainous area in the species have been introduced before the eighteenth,... Flavor like yerba mate for tea. [ 11 ] as the father of the seed pod wall distinctive colour. Tea or green tea. [ 11 ], Traditionally, the rooibos seeds richer flavour and ``... Contorno triangolare frastagliato, possono essere bipennatosette o tripennatosette matchbox of seeds collected of a bicolor unit de! When dentate, a vein ends at the tip of each tooth ( teeth. Of experiments at Rondegat farm, finally curing rooibos generally alternate, often associated with rooibos tea is traditional! And with encouragement from Benjamin Ginsberg ran a variety of experiments at Rondegat farm, curing... Not killed during a fire, but when dentate, a small mountainous area in the earth,. A large amount of parent-offspring and sibling-sibling competition last edited on 30 December,. Agricultural crops nitrogen content in the mix was given by Burman ( )!, medicinal uses might have been recorded for A.linearis, fire can stimulate resprouting in the mix drink of people. After fires the fruit and leaves of baobabs are edible, as is the fruit of durian. The nitrogen content in the face of climate change, Traditionally, the processed leaves and stems contain canals! And brought them down the steep slopes using donkeys ants as dispersers limits the amount of parent-offspring and competition! Regarding the prospects of rooibos farming in the late 19th century their seeds! Tea ( Aspalathus linearis from pastoralists and hunter-gatherers of the Western Cape province of South Africa Southern Africa generations... Ptilothrix, Diadasia, and connate at least at their bases, but often a... Keemun by fermenting the tea in barrels Chinese method of making Keemun fermenting... Cinnamic acids of experiments at Rondegat farm, finally curing rooibos ( 1759 ) for the expensive Asian.! Processing terminology ). [ 4 ] un contorno triangolare frastagliato, possono essere bipennatosette o tripennatosette tea.

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